Tasmiyah

InnerVisions Books

Your Complete Internet AFRICENTRIC Library

      African Imports        Africentric Library    Bath & Body     Black News, Views and Info

This page is dedicated to the Black Nationalist individuals, movements and historical analysis of this Black social phenomenon that has deep roots in the Black Community.  We present literature of the history of Black Nationalism, major personalities of the Movement including Garvey, DuBois, Malik Shabazz (Malcolm X), etc. and conclude with a complete listing of literature/resources of those Nationalists who aspired for armed struggle i.e The Black Panther Party.

Professor Manning Marable, intellectual Black struggle activist. is the author of many books, including The Crisis of Color and Democracy: Essays on Race, Class, and Power, defines Black Nationalism as:

 “... a political and social tradition [that] would include certain characteristics. First, the advocacy of black cultural pride and the integrity of the group, which implicitly rejects racial integration. Secondly, an identification with the image of Africa which includes the advocacy by many of immigration or at least extensive contacts between Africans abroad and at home. There must be interaction, Black Nationalists would advocate, between African Americans, people of African descent in the Caribbean, and Africans on the continent of Africa itself. Third, Black Nationalism means the construction of all-black social institutions such as self-help agencies, schools and religious organizations and support for group economic advancement, such as Black cooperatives, Buy Black campaigns, and efforts to promote capital formation within the African American community. Finally, Black Nationalism has also meant historically political independence from the white-dominated political system and support for the creation of all-black political organizations and protest formations” (1992: 3).

Pinkney (Red Black Green Nationalis ) cites three elements which form the basis of contemporary black nationalism:
“unity, pride in cultural heritage and autonomy”.

Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832-1912) was an early proponent of Pan-Africanism and a leading black intellectual and scholar of African culture. Born in the Virgin Islands, Blyden moved to the West African nation of Liberia in 1851 and promoted the repatriation of free American blacks to Liberia. He hoped that Liberia, as an independent black-ruled nation, would become a beacon of Pan-Africanism, displaying the great achievements of Africans and people of African descent.

Blyden stressed the importance of black Africans in America linking themselves to Africa. He believed that African Americans were the key to integrating Africa into the modern world due to the integral part they had already (unwillingly) played in the construction of America. He criticized blacks of the time who dissociated themselves from Africa but was hopeful that the situation would change and that black Americans would realize the importance of Africa:

"I venture to predict that, within a very brief period, that down-trodden land instead of being regarded with prejudice and distaste,will largely attract the attention and engage the warmest interest of every man of color."

He believed American blacks were wasting their energy on the North American Continent. The work to be done by blacks, he believed, was not in America:

"It is theirs to betake themselves to injured Africa, and bless those outraged shores,"

The Black African in the US had had some advantages, but, he argued that on the whole:

"it has been at the expense of his manhood".

Productions of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart
Presented to the First African Baptist church & society, of the city of Boston
Written by Stewart who was a teacher and public speaker known for four public addresses delivered in Boston at a time when virtually no women (whether African American or white) had the courage to speak from a public platform. William Lloyd Garrison gathered her lectures together and published them in this volume. The last is her farewell address delivered in 1833, when she announced her decision to leave Boston "for I find it is no use for me, as an individual, to try to make myself useful among my color in this city.

In her powerful opening line of this address, Stewart asks her audience, “Why sit ye here and die?” Stewart was led to activism after the death of her husband, the death of David Walker, and her own spiritual conversion, and she directed her essays and lectures toward galvanizing an African-American audience. Her first essay was published in the Liberator in 1831, and represented the first political argument written by an African American woman.

In the beginning of the 19th century, groups of freed slaves and mulattoes from the United States of America emigrated to the west coast of Africa.  Every since the slave's arrival in captivity they resisted in every manner their conditions in servitude. This period of infamy in Black history marked the beginnings of Black Nationalism as a tool toward freedom for Africans in the West.

Early Black Nationalist freedom fighters using ARMED struggle (slavery resistance)

Slave owners lived in fear of slave revolts, a fear which was far from unfounded: from the Amistad mutiny to the Underground Railroad, American slaves—led by themselves or with the help of abolitionists—staged many instances of revolt and resistance.

(Photos courtesy of The Black Holocaust for Beginners by SE Anderson)

American Negro Slave Revolts Author: Herbert Aptheker; Dr. Aptheker's account of the black slave's consistent war against American slavery is meticulously researched and proven well beyond a shadow of a doubt in this book.	Black Rebellion: Five Slave Revolts Author: Thomas Wentworth Higginson; Black Rebellion, a fascinating account of five slave insurrections, unfolds the stories of the Maroons, escaped slaves in the West Indies and South America who successfully resisted larger British armies; Gabriel Prosser, who recruited about 1,000 fellow slaves to launch a rebellion throughout Virginia; Denmark Vesey, who conspired in 1822 to kill the whites in Charleston, South Carolina; and Nat Turner led the most successful and dramatic slave revolt in North America.
From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World (Walter Lynwood Fleming Lectures in Southern History (Paperback)) Author: Eugene D. Genovese;	The Insurrection of the Black Americans Born in the United States of America Author: Leon Apolon
Rumor of Revolt: The "Great Negro Plot" in Colonial New York Author: Thomas J. Davis;	Black Resistance Before the Civil War Author: William F. Cheek;

The Logic of Black Urban Rebellions Author: Daryl B. Harris;

Slaves Who Abolished Slavery: Blacks in Rebellion Author: Richard Hart;

The deadliest revolt in Colonial America takes place in Stono, SC. Armed slaves start marching to Florida and towards freedom, but the insurrection is put down and at least 20 whites and more than 40 blacks are killed.

Former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture leads a slave revolt in Haiti, West Indies. He is captured in 1802, but the revolt continues and Haitian independence is declared.

The Black Jacobins : Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution Author: C.L.R. JAMES;

Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography (The Black heritage library collection) Author: Toussaint Louverture;

 Gabriel Prosser’s rebellion in the spring of 1800; Prosser, a deeply religious man, begins plotting an invasion of Richmond, Virginia and an attack on its armory. By summer he has enlisted more than 1,000 slaves and collected an armory of weapons, organizing the first large-scale slave revolt in the U.S. 

Black Thunder :
Gabriel's Revolt: Virginia, 1800
Author: Arna Bontemps;

Louisiana slaves revolt in two parishes near New Orleans. The revolt is suppressed by U.S. troops.

On to New Orleans!: Louisiana's heroic 1811 slave revolt
Author: Albert Thrasher;

Three hundred slaves and about 20 Native American allies hold Fort Blount on Apalachicola Bay, Florida for several days before being attacked by U.S. troops.

Denmark Vesey’s revolt : A freed man, Vesey had won a lottery and purchased his emancipation in 1800. He is working as a carpenter in Charleston, South Carolina when he starts to plan a massive slave rebellion—one of the most elaborate plots in American history—involving thousands of slaves on surrounding plantations, organized into cells.

Denmark Vesey
Author: David Robertson;

 Nat Turner plans a slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, the only effective, sustained slave rebellion in U.S. history.

Nat Turner: A Slave Rebellion in History and Memory

America's Black Spartacus Remembered : The Confessions of Nat Turner Author: Bernard Addison;

 Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad : Approximately 75,000 slaves escape to the North and to freedom via the Underground Railroad, a system in which free African American and white "conductors," abolitionists and sympathizers help guide and shelter the escapees.  Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Maryland. She becomes one of the best-known "conductors" on the Underground Railroad, returning to the South 19 times and helping more than 300 slaves escape to freedom.

Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom Author: Catherine Clinton;

Wanted Dead Or Alive : The True Story Of Harriet Tubman Author: Ann Mcgovern;

Frederick Douglass escapes from slavery in Baltimore. He later publishes his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave: Written by Himself, and becomes a leading abolitionist.

Led by a West African named Cinque, slaves transported aboard the Spanish ship Amistad stage a mutiny, killing the entire crew except for the captain and first mate and demanding to be sailed back to Africa.

Slaves revolt on the Creole, a slave trading ship sailing from Virginia to Louisiana. The rebels overpower the crew and successfully sail to the Bahamas, where they are granted asylum and freedom.

Led by abolitionist John Brown, a group of slaves and white abolitionists stage an attack on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. They capture the federal armory and arsenal before the insurrection is halted by local militia.

In 1847, 25 years after the first successful colonization, they proclaimed an independent Republic, which they named Liberia. At that time they numbered about 3,000: men, women and children. 
Sources:   
African resistance in Liberia:

The Vai and the Gola-Bandi (Liberia Working Group papers)
Author: Monday B Abasiattai) 

The Liberian nation: A short history,
Author: A. Doris Banks Henries;

Maryland in Africa;
The Maryland State Colonization Society, 1831-1857.  
Author: Penelope. Campbell;

Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today Author: Alan Huffman;

Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (New Marcus Garvey Library) Author: Tony Martin; Buy New: $12.89

In urban African-American enclaves, the 1920s were marked by a flowering of cultural expressions and a proliferation of black self-help organizations that accompanied the era of the “New Negro.” Debates raged over the best political and organizational path for black Americans, and the Crisis, the national magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), offered one of the earliest and most powerful endorsements of the “New Negro.” In an editorial immediately following the Chicago race riot of 1919, Crisis editor W. E. B. Du Bois argued in favor of acts of self-defense and armed resistance, despite the editorial’s conciliatory title, "Let Us Reason Together."

Marcus Garvey;  The UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) had two paramilitary organizations that functioned like regular armed forces. The Universal African Legion was for men. The Universal African Motor Corps was for women. Members dressed in military uniform and received military training.

Cyril Briggs was the founder of the African Black Brotherhood. Born in 1888 on the Caribbean island of Nevis, he always considered himself a "race man".  African American World War I veterans could no longer remain fearful and in compliance with overtly racist actions on the home front formed in Tulsa, a branch of the African Blood Brotherhood, “a great Negro protective organization”.  The group was a propaganda organization built on the model of the secret fraternity, organized in "posts" with a centralized national organization based in New York City.  On the eve of what became known as the Tulsa Race Riot, it was the African Blood Brotherhood (ABB) that took up arms to prevent the lynching of Dick Rowland.  The 1920 ABB convention defined resistance to the KKK, support for a united front of black organizations, and promotion of higher wages and better working conditions for black workers as paramount. While calling for "racial self respect," it also maintained that cooperation with "class-conscious white workers" was necessary. Armed Negroes make Jonesboro an unusual town Author: Fred Powledge;

In the years immediately following World War I, tens of thousands of southern blacks and returning black soldiers flocked to the nation’s Northern cities looking for good jobs and a measure of respect and security. Many white Americans, fearful of competition for scarce jobs and housing, responded by attacking black citizens in a spate of urban race riots. In urban African-American enclaves, the 1920s were marked by a flowering of cultural expressions and a proliferation of black self-help organizations that accompanied the era of the “New Negro.” Many black leaders, including religious figures, embraced racial pride and militancy.

“You have now with you a new negro,” declared the editor of the Oklahoma City Black Dispatch in addressing a white audience. “This new negro, who stands today released in spirit, finds himself physically bound and shackled by laws and customs that were made for slaves.” Is he then seeking “social equality”? “What we want is social justice,” the speaker went on to say; “none of my race is dreaming of ‘social equality.’” "The negro is satisfied to confine his social aspirations within his own race," affirms the Hot Springs (Arkansas) Echo, “but he does want such political and economic rights as are guaranteed to every law-abiding citizen.” Putting the case still more explicitly, the Houston (Texas) Informer says: “What the colored man demands is ‘social equity.’ He wants the same rights of society that other men and races enjoy; but he does not ask [for] the association and companionship of men or women of other races.”

Black rebellion in Barbados: The struggle against slavery, 1627-1838 Author: Hilary Beckles; A Documented History of Black Consciousness Author: Thomas Addo Quaynor; The Black revolt: the civil rights movement, ghetto uprisings, and separatism, (Prentice-Hall sociology series) Author: James A Geschwender;	The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement Author: Lance Hill; Founded during the summer of 1964 in the pine hills of northern Louisiana by working-class African Americans, the Deacons for Defense and Justice was an armed self-defense organization whose very existence called into question the continued viability of nonviolent strategies and middle-class leadership within the civil rights movement.	The Deacons for Defense and Justice: Defenders of the African American Community in Bogalusa, Louisiana During the 1960's Author: Gray L. LaSimba;   The fire this time: The Miami rebellion of 1980 (Black praxis) Author: Manning Marable;
Prophets of Rage: The Black Freedom Struggle in San Francisco, 1945-1969 (Studies in African American History and Culture) Author: Daniel E. Crowe;	The new Negro on campus: Black college rebellions of the 1920s Author: Raymond Wolters	Ghetto rebellion to black liberation, Author: Claude M Lightfoot; Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917 (Blacks in the New World) Author: Elliot Rudwick;
Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Carter G Woodson Institute Series in Black Studies) Author: Gerald Horne;	Reading Rodney King Reading Urban Uprising Author: Robert Gooding-Williams;	The Underground Railroad in Orange County, New York: The Silent Rebellion Author: Roger A. King;

Summer of rage;: The Springfield race riot of 1908, (Bicentennial studies in Sangamon history)
Author: James Krohe;

A Brief History of Black Struggle in America:
Author: Kwame Afoh;

Black Pride the Philosophy And Opinions of Black Nationalism: History of Black Culture in Two Parts
Author: Herbert L. Neilly;

Pre-Civil War Black Nationalism
Author: Bill McAdoo;

On the Side of My People
by Louis A., Jr Decaro

In On the Side of My People , Louis A. DeCaro, Jr. offers the first book length religious treatment of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was certainly a political man. Yet he was also a man of Allah, struggling with his salvation--as concerned with redemption as with revolution.

Drawing on a wide variety of sources, including extensive interviews with Malcolm's oldest brother, FBI surveillance documents, the black press, and tape-recorded speeches and interviews, DeCaro examines the charismatic leader from the standpoint of his two conversion experiences--to the Nation while he was in jail and to traditional Islam climaxing in his pilgrimage to Mecca . Examining Malcolm beyond his well-known years as spokesman for the Nation, On the Side My People explores Malcolm's early religious training and the influence of his Garveyite parents, his relationship with Elijah Muhammad, his often overlooked journey to Africa in 1959, and his life as a traditional Muslim after the 1964 pilgrimage. In his critical analysis of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, DeCaro provides insight into the motivation behind Malcolm's own story, offering a key to understanding how and why Malcolm portrayed his life in his own autobiography as told to Alex Haley.

Inspiring and necessary, On the Side My People presents readers with a Malcolm X few were privileged to know. By filling in the gaps of Malcolm's life, DeCaro paints a more complete portrait of one of the most powerful and relevant civil rights figures in American history.

Fire from the Midst of You":
A Religious Life of John Brown
Author: Louis A., Jr Decaro;

Fire from the Midst of You situates Brown within the religious and social context of a nation steeped in racism, showing his roots in Puritan abolitionism. DeCaro explores Brown's unusual family heritage as well as his business and personal losses, retracing his path to the Southern gallows. In contrast to the popular image of Brown as a violent fanatic, DeCaro contextualizes Brown's actions, emphasizing the intensely religious nature of the antebellum U.S. in which he lived. He articulates the nature of Brown's radical faith and shows that, when viewed in the context of his times, he was not the religious fanatic that many have understood him to be. DeCaro calls Brown a "Protestant saint"-an imperfect believer seeking to realize his own perceived calling in divine providence.

In line with the post-millennial theology of his day, Brown understood God as working through mankind and the church to renew and revive sinful humanity. He read the Bible not only as God's word, but as God's word to John Brown . DeCaro traces Brown's life and development to show how by forging faith as a radical weapon, Brown forced the entire nation to a point of crisis.

Fire from the Midst of You defies the standard narrative with a new reading of John Brown. Here is the man that the preeminent Black scholar W.E.B. Du Bois called a "mighty warning" and the one Malcolm X called "a real white liberal."

Louis A. DeCaro, Jr. is a religious educator and pastor who lives in New Jersey . He is the author of On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X and its sequel, Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity , both available from NYU Press.

Malcolm and the Cross:
The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity
Author: Louis A. Decaro;

DeCaro continues his religious biography of Malcolm X (begun in On the Side of My People, 1996), shifting from the continuity of Islam in Malcolm's development to the impact of Christianity, particularly the distortion known as "white" Christianity. He again recognizes the influence of Louise Little, Malcolm's mother, in modeling an open but critical embrace of many religious and spiritual traditions and avoiding fanatical religiosity. Such an embrace characterizes DeCaro's critical assessment of the Nation of Islam and white Christianity alike. DeCaro, who admits to pastoral motives, expects his work to rouse anger, which for a book true to Malcolm X should not be surprising. Readers will come away from it with a better understanding of Malcolm X--and the Nation of Islam, Louis Farrakhan, and Billy Graham, too--and with a greater appreciation of the revolutionary potential of religious ideas in confrontation with such distortions as those that have sustained racism throughout U.S. history. (review 1)

The mythic figure of Malcolm X conjures up a variety of images--black nationalist, extremist, civil rights leader, hero. But how often is Malcolm X understood as a religious leader, a man profoundly affected by his relationship with Allah?
 

During Malcolm's life and since, the press has focused on the Nation of Islam's rejection of integration, offering an extremely limited picture of its ideology and religious philosophy. Mainstream media have ignored the religious foundation at the heart of the Nation and failed to show it in light of other separatist religious movements. With the spirituality of cultic black Islam unexplored and the most controversial elements of the Nation exploited, its most famous member, Malcolm X, became one of the most misunderstood leaders in history. (review 2)

Classical Black Nationalism by Wilson Jeremiah Moses (Editor) Black Nationalism in the U.S. for most Americans is represented by the image and words of such persons as Stokely Carmichael or, better yet, Malcolm X. Moses situates the first expressions of Black Nationalism in the colonial period and ends them in the 1920s with Marcus Garvey, the fiery and...	Modern Black Nationalism by William L. Van Deburg (Editor) This wide-ranging selection of 52 documents in 37 sections locates Black Nationalism’s historical roots and 20th-century sprawl. With an incisive introduction and head notes, historian Van Deburg (African American studies, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison) insightfully maps the movement's diversity and...	Black Nationalism by E. U. Essien-Udom Average Customer Review: One of the first studies of the organization, life and meaning of the Nation of Islam and, by extension, all Black Nationalist movements, this classic work dispels the still common conception that the movement functioned primarily for political purposes. By observing the daily life of its members,
Black Rebels: African-Caribbean Freedom Fighters in Jamaica Author: Werner Zips; This book fulfills the author's promise to write a history of resistance instead of a history of domination.... African-Americans who escaped from slavery and developed autonomous societies beyond the fringes of the colonial system demonstrated the vulnerability of colonial rule and the vitality of black resistance.	Fighting for Us by Clayborne Carson (Foreword), Scot Brown Though with each passing holiday season Kwanzaa becomes ever-more integrated into the pan-denominational celebrations beloved of greeting card companies, its origins in the tumult of the Black Power struggles of the 1960s and early '70s are little known. Likewise, the history of the "US"...	Is It Nation Time? by Eddie S. Glaude Jr. (Editor) During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Black Power movement provided the dominant ideological framework through which many young, poor, and middle-class blacks made sense of their lives and articulated a political vision for their futures. The legacy of the movement is still very much with us
Revolutionary party, revolutionary ideology Author: Imamu Amiri Baraka;	Kawaida theory: An introductory outline Author: Karenga;	Help us build a nation: A letter to you Author: Imari Abubakari Obadele;
The National Black Assembly and the Black liberation movement Author: Imamu Amiri Baraka;	The Black Spiritual Movement:  A Religious Response to Racism Author: Hans A. Baer;	Black Christian Nationalism: New Directions for the Black Church Author: Albert B. Cleage;
Under God : Religion and American Politics Author: Garry Wills;	Black Separatism Author: Betty Lanier Jenkins;	Red, Black, and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States Author: Alphonso Pinkney;
Still Black, Still Strong (Active Agents) by Dhoruba BinWahad, Assata Shakur, Mumia Abu-Jamal Average Customer Review: Memoirs/critique by US political prisoners	Black Self-Determination: A Cultural History of African-American Resistance Author: V. P. Franklin;	Islam, Black Nationalism and Slavery: A Detailed History Author: Adib Rashad;
Brothers and Strangers by I. K. Sundiata, Ibrahim  Unprecedented in scope and detail, Brothers and Strangers is a vivid history of how, during the interwar years, the mythic Africa of the Black American imagination ran into the realities of Africa the place. In the 1920s, Marcus Garvey—convinced that freedom from oppression was not possible for...	Black Pride the Philosophy And Opinions of Black Nationalism: History of Black Culture in Two Parts Author: Herbert L. Neilly;	Africentricity & African Nationalism: Philosophy & Ideology for Africa's Complete Emancipation (Studies in the Development of the Afro-Diaspora) Author: Kofi K. Dompere;
NBUF, genocide and the reparations movement Author: Conrad Walter Worrill;	The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925 Author: Wilson Jeremiah Moses;	Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons Author: Robert A. Hill;
Islam And The Black American by Sherman A. Jackson Sherman Jackson offers a trenchant examination of the career of Islam among the blacks of America. Jackson notes that no one has offered a convincing explanation of why Islam spread among Blackamericans (a coinage he explains and defends) but not among white Americans or Hispanics. The assumption has been that there is an African connection. In fact, Jackson shows, none of the distinctive features of African Islam appear in the proto-Islamic, black nationalist movements of the early 20th century. Instead, he argues, Islam owes its momentum to the distinctively American phenomenon of "Black Religion," a God-centered holy protest against anti-black racism.	Exodus! by Eddie S. Glaude Jr. Exodus! shows how this biblical story inspired a pragmatic tradition of racial advocacy among African Americans in the early nineteenth century--a tradition based not on race but on a moral politics of respectability. Eddie S. Glaude, Jr., begins by comparing the historical uses of Exodus by black and white Americans and the concepts of "nation" it generated. He then traces the roles that Exodus played in the National Negro Convention movement, from its first meeting in 1830 to 1843, when the convention decided--by one vote--against supporting Henry Highland Garnet's call for slave insurrection. Exodus! reveals the deep historical roots of debates over African-American national identity that continue to rage today. It will engage anyone interested in the story of black nationalism and the promise of African-American religious culture.	The Black Power Movement (Black Studies Research Sources) Author: Muhammad Ahmad; Reproduces the writings and correspondence of Muhammad Ahmad (Max Stanford); RAM internal documents; records on allied organizations, including African Peoples Party, Black Liberation Army, Black Panther Party, Black United Front, Black Workers Congress, Institute of Black Studies, League of Revolutionary Black Workers, Republic of New Africa, and Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee; rare serial publications, including Black America, Soulbook, Unity and Struggle, Black Vanguard, Crossroads, and Jihad News; and, government documents such as the FBI file on Max Stanford, testimony about RAM's role in the urban rebellions, and subject files covering key leaders associated with RAM including Malcolm X, Robert F. Williams, Amiri Baraka, and Assata Shakur, as well as on subjects such as the Black Power Conferences, the reparations movement, political prisoners, and more.
One Continual Cry: Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829 Author: Harold Aptheker	Alexander Crummell: A Study of Civilization and Discontent Author: Wilson Jeremiah Moses;	Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South Author: Stephen Ward Angell;
Black Gods of the Metropolis; Negro Religious Cults of the Urban North. Author: Arthur Huff, Fauset;	A Black Odyssey: John Lewis Waller and the Promise of American Life, 1878-1900 Author: Randall Bennett Woods;	Nation building: Theory and practice in Afrikan [sic] centered education Author: Kwame Agyei Akoto;