African Islamic Mission, Inc.

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The most comprehensive listings of articles, books and audio information about African Muslims in
America and Africa.  We are a resource and information site for everything you need to know about African Islamic
 history and African American Muslims in America. Spiritualism, Sufism & History.

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Our Founder Imam Al Hajji Obaba Muhammadu   Al Amiyr Abdul Latiyf AbuHamin    AIM'S Beliefs   BLACK ISLAM IN AMERICA:      People interviewed in this program: Hisham Jaaber, Askia Muhammad, Minister Don X, C. Eric Lincoln, Abdul Malik Hasan, Shakir Mahmoud, Rebecca 5X Thompson, Akbar Muhammad, Najumah Abdul Mateen, Asim, Eric Jackson Karim, Khalil Abdul Alim, Rahimah Muhammad, Karim Muhammad, Louis Farrakhan   History of The Green and Gold Movement   Afrislam Forum   Malcolm X - An Islamic Perspective   AIM Publications   AIM CyberCamp   Our Black Pages of Our Businesses   Our Islam     Black Nationalism   Moonsighting Calendar   Afrislam/The Forum/Chat    Prophet Muhammad's Lineage   The Religion of Abraham   Timeline of Muslims in U.S.   History African American Muslims   Why Islam Appeals To African Americans   Malcolm X Links   African Sufi Brotherhoods In America "The Tijanis"   Sufis Brotherhoods In Africa   The Nation Of Islam   The Nation of Gods and Earths   The Ansaar'ul Allah   Moorish Science Temple   Mosque Of Islamic Brotherhood   Admiral Family Circle   African Islamic Links   Biographies of African Islamic Leaders In America   Great African and African American Muslim Women   Islam and African Traditional Religions   Orthodox Muslim Sites   The Arab African Slave Trade   Ethiopia: An African Nation is the Muslims’ first refuge   The Literature of Islam Arabic Writing An Historical Perspective   The History of The White Race written by White people   Cultural Dance & Music   Better Health Naturally   Drumming CD's, Videos & Books   African Name Books                                         African Furniture (imported) For Your House                                 African Garments                                   SHAHADAH INCENSE The Designer Scents                                       Aim's Jumbo African Black Soap                                   African Instruments   We have a new shipment of these beauties that just arrived from Ghana!! 20"x10" Nice lightweight Ghana wood. They sound really nice and are beautifully carved with intricate detail. We are sold out of the ones with the kente cloth, but we still have several of these drums with various designs. Price:  $179.00 Sale Price: $99.00 Savings: $80.00                                                                                                           GREAT AFRICAN QUEENS   Amina   Candace   Cleopatra VII   Dahia-Al Kahina   Hatshepsut   Makeda   Nandi Nefertari   Nefertti   Nehanda   Nzingha   Tiye   Yaa Asantewa                                     SHAHADAH INCENSE The Designer Scents                                             Links and Resources   Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet: A film created and produced by Michael Wolfe. The site contains timelines of the prophets life, a virtual hajj, learning tools, and more. Journal of Islam in America Press (JIAP): An educational company founded by Precious Rasheeda Muhammad and dedicated to the growth and development of Islam in America.                                                                   SHAHADAH INCENSE The Designer Scents                                                                                                                             The Evolution of the Nation of Islam: The Story of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad Jesus Muhammad-Ali; "writes Ali, "this was the Honorable Elijah Muhammad (May Allah Grant him the Mercy), the man who I called grandpa."     Elijah Muhammad Author: Malu Halasa;       An Original Man Author: Claude Andrew Clegg; "The most definitive biography of Muhammad so far written."

As'Salaamu Alaikum Rahmantu'lahi ta''ala (Peace Be Unto You With Allah, The Most High's Mercy Greeting! Allah: Allah is the proper name in Arabic for The One and Only God, The Creator and Sustainer of the universe. It is used by the Arab Christians and Israelites for THE God (Eloh-im in Hebrew; 'Allaha' in Aramaic, the mother tongue of Jesus). The word Allah does not have a plural or gender. Allah does not have any associate or partner, and He does not beget nor was He begotten. Welcome to our cyberspace.  We are here to remind you of the glorious history of the African Islamic Mission, the legacy of Islam in America among peoples of African descent and the historic struggles of African American Muslims for identity, power and spirituality via the TRUE understanding of the One Allah (Lord, Creator, Sustainer), The Most High, and ALL of the MESSENGERS, LEADERS and SAVIORS of The Most High who came amongst ALL Africans throughout the course of human history to lend guidance and freedom to Our People by means of Right Living, Unity from amongst ourselves and Commitment (struggle) to a Higher Ideal.  We call that philosophy "AFRISLAM".  Those who overstand that are our Family. We offer at our site a most comprehensive listings of articles, books, DVD's and information about African Muslims in America and abroad and Real Islam (void of Arab ethnocentric chauvinisms) in general.  We aspire to be a resource and information site for everything Believers, or serious students of Islam (the struggle for Peace),  need to know about African Islamic history, it's personalities and Islamic education. We invite you to browse around our site, to come back often for our regularly scheduled updates and to tell your friends and associates about this site that offers Islam in it's purest African Islamic overstanding.  If you have something you would like to contribute to our efforts please use our "contact us" button and send us a link or a message.  Don't forget to sign our Guest Book so we may keep up with our Family. "No man has believed perfectly until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself." SUPPORT OUR SITE BY PURCHASING BOOKS USING OUR LINKS [Featuring Our Best Sellers For Every Educated Muslims' Library] click here for "ISLAM IN AFRICA" Resources click here for "MUSLIM WOMEN" Resources click here for "BLACK NATIONALIST" Resources click here for "SUFI" Resources click here for ISLAMIC VIDEOS    Deeper Roots: Muslims in the Americas and the Caribbean Before Columbus Dr. Abdullah Hakim Quick Produced by Abdul Malik Mujahid Directed by Jawad Jafry Did you know that Muslims were in the Americas before Columbus? Islamic scholar and historian Dr. Abdullah Hakim Quick provides an eye opening, informative and thoughtful presentation on a little known aspect of American history. Did Elvis Presley, Booker T. Washington, Fredrick Douglas and the wife of Abraham Lincoln have Muslim ancestors ? How were Muslims able to travel throughout the Americas and the Caribbean long before Christopher Columbus ? Islamic scholar and historian Dr. Abdullah Hakim Quick proves that Muslims played a significant role in the West long before the arrival of Christopher Columbus and his "discovery" of America. Dr. Quick also reveals how Muslims fought for freedom during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade and how even today, Islam's roots can be seen in the names and ancestry of people living in America and the Caribbean. More information: Deeper Roots is a must-have video for every student of Western and Islamic history, whether in high school, college or at the doctoral level. This is also a necessary educational tool for libraries in public schools, cities, Islamic centers and mosques.   Revolution by the Book: The Rap Is Live Jamil Al-Amin It is criminal that, in the 1990’s, we still approach struggle… sloganeering, saying, “by any means necessary,” as if that’s a program. Or, “we shall overcome,” as if that’s a program. Slogans are not programs. We must define the means, which will bring about change. This can be found in… [what] Allah has brought for us in the Qur’an and in the example of the Prophet. Our revolution must be according to what Almighty God revealed. The struggle is an ongoing program… When the first slave rebelled against being a slave, he gave an alternative to slavery that has been built upon until now. That’s struggle; and there have been many movements in the struggle—The abolitionist movement, the antislavery movement, the civil right movement, but, the struggle still goes on. The mission of a believer in Islam is totally different from coexisting or being the part of the system. The prevailing morals are wrong. Their ethics are wrong. Western philosophy… has reduced man to food, clothing, shelter, and the sex drive, which means he doesn’t have a spirit… Successful struggle requires a Divine Program. Allah has provided that program. On the Side of My People by Louis A., Jr Decaro In On the Side of My People , Louis A. DeCaro, Jr. offers the first book length religious treatment of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was certainly a political man. Yet he was also a man of Allah, struggling with his salvation--as concerned with redemption as with revolution. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, including extensive interviews with Malcolm's oldest brother, FBI surveillance documents, the black press, and tape-recorded speeches and interviews, DeCaro examines the charismatic leader from the standpoint of his two conversion experiences--to the Nation while he was in jail and to traditional Islam climaxing in his pilgrimage to Mecca . Examining Malcolm beyond his well-known years as spokesman for the Nation, On the Side My People explores Malcolm's early religious training and the influence of his Garveyite parents, his relationship with Elijah Muhammad, his often overlooked journey to Africa in 1959, and his life as a traditional Muslim after the 1964 pilgrimage. In his critical analysis of The Autobiography of Malcolm X, DeCaro provides insight into the motivation behind Malcolm's own story, offering a key to understanding how and why Malcolm portrayed his life in his own autobiography as told to Alex Haley. Inspiring and necessary, On the Side My People presents readers with a Malcolm X few were privileged to know. By filling in the gaps of Malcolm's life, DeCaro paints a more complete portrait of one of the most powerful and relevant civil rights figures in American history. American Jihad : Islam After Malcolm X Author: STEVEN BARBOZA; Barboza, who converted to orthodox Islam in 1975, introduces 50 members of the growing American Muslim population [including Amiyr Latiyf from AIM]. With gentle proselytizing, the narratives and interviews relate conversion memories, immigrant tales, and other anecdotes about the U.S. Islamic experiences. The era of El Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Malcolm X) and the Nation of Islam are instant images of American Muslims. Barboza interviews many from that era, including the famous (Muhammad Ali, Louis Farrakhan, and Kareem Abdul Jabbar) and the unknown (prison converts and others influenced by Malcolm X), as well as some foreign-born and pre-Malcolm Muslims. Barboza conveys the impact of Malcolm X on Islam's rapid growth and the American Muslims' struggle for acceptance while trying to cultivate our understanding of the religion through conversations with diverse practitioners. Grouped in themes addressing a particular aspect of jihad (an effort or strife), the interviews are engaging reading for all audiences.- LATEST MOST CONTROVERSIAL BOOK  BANNED IN SEVERAL ISLAMIC COUNTRIES. "Arab Conspiracies Against Islam" The theme 'The Arab conspiracies against Islam' is thought provoking rather than a controversy. The book drew a line in making the distinction between what is Arabic religion and what is Islam. Non-Muslims around the world who know very little about Islam will be overwhelmed to discover the nucleus of bigotry dominating the Arabic religion. It also explains why the followers of the Arabic religion around the world are downtrodden and humiliated, and why the majority of them became redundant and think radically and why they prefer violence instead of tolerance. For example, they condemn people around the world as infidels for worshiping idols or icons carved from the mountain rocks and fervently declared Jihad against them as a battle for the sake of Allah. But they feel sanctified when they bow and prostrate to a rock structure carved by the Arabs. They call Allah when they aggress and they also call Him when oppressed. But the same Allah seems to have abandoned them - all the time. This book gives details how the primitive Arabic culture and tribal laws infiltrated into Islam featuring it as a religion espousing terrorism, fanaticism and inward looking. The author unveils the evidences from the Qur'an to prove the innovator of the Arabic religion has truly corrupted the scripture instilling a dogmatic creed satiated with uncultured and the nastiest barbaric way of life. In his study the truth has indeed emerged which strongly contrast with the present controversies. The research is useful for those who are seeking for a subject such as the one detailed in this book. It will become much clearer when the readers set aside ideological hypothesis and, as their sole criteria, rely on established facts, logical deduction, and the power of reasoning.   FROM THE AUTHOR:  I must state that my real name is not Aidid Safar. The Arabic religion today is insanity sometimes masquerading as a shaggy dog story. From Morocco to the Philippines, over one billion people have been fooled to be happily part of this insanity. Others have had death sentence pronounced upon them for saying much less than what I am saying in this book. In many so-called 'Muslim' countries, my authorship of this book will mean persecution, prosecution, imprisonment and may be even death at the hands of more than insane followers of the Arabic Religion. However the message is always more important than the messenger. Throughout history, bearers of messages deemed as bad have sometimes been killed. On the other hand, bearers of messages deemed as good have often been idolized. I wish to avoid both these fates. I shall remain Aidid Safar. But still we are here. One of the most controversial books in America:  The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews by: Historical Research Department of the Nation of Islam - Banned in Canada - Banned by Barnes & Noble and Borders The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan says of this book" "I HAVE BEEN VINDICATED." Describes the tremendous indifference to the pain and suffering caused to African families and the obvious loss of life resulting from Jewish policy which claimed that it was more profitable to kill a slave after seven years then feed him or her nutritional food and keep them alive longer. Many contemporary health problems within the African-American population can be traced back to the slavery era in which their ancestors were fed only on molasses (residue of fermented sugar).  This book is remarkably well researched. The quotes are all from Jewish sources and no others are included because of the risk of anti-Shemitic bias. Gospel of Barnabas Lonsdale Ragg - This was by far one of the MOST personal and revealing accounts of the sermons of Jesus as recorded by the Disciple whom Jesus loved, Barnabas. Barnabas was one of the two men to be chosen by the 11 apostles to fill in for Judas' vacant seat in the apostle hood. He was with Jesus from the baptism, to the Ascension. Jesus personally asks Barnabas to hold these words close to him. For he knew of the people making up stories about his Divinity and mission. Banned by the church. One of the new testament "Apocrypha" meaning "hidden from the people". Reading this changed my life and gave me a deeper and closer love of the most misunderstood man ever, Jesus, son of Mary. Highly recommended. Accept Your Own and Be Free from Mental Slavery Sheik Charles Brown-El - sets out to eradicate the 200-year-old perception that Negro, Black, and Colored are races or nationalities. The book is based on the oft-ignored doctrine of Prophet Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple of America, whose sole purpose is to retrieve the lost heritage that was stripped away during slavery.   Islam, Black Nationalism and Slavery: A Detailed History by Adib Rashad From the origin of Islam in Arabia to the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai, the author recounts the contributions Africans made to growth of Islam and the significant influence the religion had on the peoples of that continent. He proceeds to describe the impact of slavery on African Muslims brought to the Americas and the role Islam played in their surviving the ordeal of bondage. In his fascinating study, author identifies the major landmarks in the history of Muslims in America, documenting Muslim slaves of the pre-civil war era and explaining the rise of modern Islamic movements in the cities of the United States. The book offers vivid profiles of such powerful historical figures as Marcus Garvey, Noble Drew Ali, Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X and the leaders of black power movement. It also present biographical sketches of contemporary Muslim leaders, including Louis Farrakhan, W.D. Mohammad, Jamil al-Amin and others who contributed to the present African-American Islamic consciousness. Black Pilgrimage to Islam Robert Dannin 328 pg HB with Dust Jacket From the Inside Cover of this Oxford University title: "Can Islam help African Americans overcome the legacy of slavery and decades of racial oppression? How does the strict Islamic lifestyle accommodate mainstream American values? Will fiercely independent African-American women yield to Islamic law? Why would African-Americans fashion themselves into a "double minority" by converting to Islam?" Includes a 12-page photographic journey. "ALMOST 90% OF CONVERTS TO ISLAM IN THE U.S. ARE AFRICAN AMERICANS. BLACK PILGRIMAGE TO ISLAM IS THEIR STORY. In Black Pilgrimage to Islam, Robert Dannin gives us a rare and fascinating insight into the minds and sensibilities of Black Americans who have embraced Islam. His research is impeccable, his judgments are acute, and his prose is uncommonly graceful. This book is an important contribution to American social history. Howard Zinn, author of A People's History of the United States The Nation of Islam has long monopolized the media coverage of the rising influence of Islam among African Americans. Black Pilgrimage to Islam is the history of the far larger, yet largely misunderstood, story of conversion to ORTHODOX Islam in the African American Community. Can Islam help African Americans overcome the legacy of slavery and decades of racial oppression? Will it redeem hardened gangsters from lives saturated by narcotics and violent crime? Is it possible to face toward Mecca in prayer while simultaneously resisting the influence of foreign missionaries who disdain the American way of life? Will fiercely independent African-American women play by the rules and accept polygamous marriage? The religious landscape of America is under its most intense scrutiny in recent memory. Unfortunately a significant part of that landscape has not been thoroughly surveyed. Until now." Islam in the African-American Experience Author: Richard Brent Turner; Malcolm X and, more recently, Louis Farrakhan are two of the more visible signs of Islam's influence in the lives and culture of African Americans. Yet, as Richard Brent Turner shows, the involvement of black American with Islam reaches back to the earliest days of the African presence in North America. Part I of the book explores these roots in the Middle East, West Africa, and antebellum America. Part II tells the story of the 'Prophets of the City'--the leaders of the new urban-based African-American Muslim movements in the twentieth century. Islam And The Black American by Sherman A. Jackson Sherman Jackson offers a trenchant examination of the career of Islam among the blacks of America. Jackson notes that no one has offered a convincing explanation of why Islam spread among Blackamericans (a coinage he explains and defends) but not among white Americans or Hispanics. The assumption has been that there is an African connection. In fact, Jackson shows, none of the distinctive features of African Islam appear in the proto-Islamic, black nationalist movements of the early 20th century. Instead, he argues, Islam owes its momentum to the distinctively American phenomenon of "Black Religion," a God-centered holy protest against anti-black racism. Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity Author: Louis A. Decaro; DeCaro continues his religious biography of Malcolm X (begun in On the Side of My People, 1996), shifting from the continuity of Islam in Malcolm's development to the impact of Christianity, particularly the distortion known as "white" Christianity. He again recognizes the influence of Louise Little, Malcolm's mother, in modeling an open but critical embrace of many religious and spiritual traditions and avoiding fanatical religiosity. Such an embrace characterizes DeCaro's critical assessment of the Nation of Islam and white Christianity alike. DeCaro, who admits to pastoral motives, expects his work to rouse anger, which for a book true to Malcolm X should not be surprising. Readers will come away from it with a better understanding of Malcolm X--and the Nation of Islam, Louis Farrakhan, and Billy Graham, too--and with a greater appreciation of the revolutionary potential of religious ideas in confrontation with such distortions as those that have sustained racism throughout U.S. history. (review 1) The mythic figure of Malcolm X conjures up a variety of images--black nationalist, extremist, civil rights leader, hero. But how often is Malcolm X understood as a religious leader, a man profoundly affected by his relationship with Allah?   During Malcolm's life and since, the press has focused on the Nation of Islam's rejection of integration, offering an extremely limited picture of its ideology and religious philosophy. Mainstream media have ignored the religious foundation at the heart of the Nation and failed to show it in light of other separatist religious movements. With the spirituality of cultic black Islam unexplored and the most controversial elements of the Nation exploited, its most famous member, Malcolm X, became one of the most misunderstood leaders in history.   A Handbook of Halaal & Haraam Products Author: Zaheer Uddin; Praises from Muslim leaders: "Every Muslim must read this book" (Imam Siraj Wahhaj, Vice President, ISNA); "This handbook leaves no excuse for anyone to consume anything what is lawful." (Aisha al-Adawiya, Director, Women in Islam); "It is an excellent and useful book for every Muslim household." (Mawlana Mohammed G. Nadvi, President, Darul "Uloom al-Islamiah of America); "It is an unparalleled source of ready, easy-to-use and accessible information on the status of food products and items." (Omar Bin Abdullah, Editor Islamic Horizons); "An excellent guide for buying Halaal food and items in North America" (Shaikh Alpha-Him Jobe, a renowned scholar [late]) Book Description This volume one contains about 6,000 food and non-food items which commonly used among Muslim household in two categories. Under each category, Halaal and Haraam, the items are listed which are permissible and forbidden respectively, for Muslims according to Islamic law. Moreover, there are some very important and informative articles on Islamic dietary laws and food ingredients.   Black Crescent by Michael A. Gomez The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas Beginning with Latin America in the fifteenth century, this book is a social history of the experiences of African Muslims and their descendants throughout the Americas, including the Caribbean. The record under slavery is examined, as is the post-slavery period into the twentieth century. The Black Muslims in America C. Eric Lincoln Islam in Black America: Identity, Liberation, and Difference in African-American Islamic Thought Edward E., IV Curtis   Islam in the United States of America Sulayman S. Nyang Muslim Communities in North America Jane Idleman Smith Islam in the African-American Experience Richard Brent Turner Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America Essien Udosen Essien-Udom   The African Islamic Mission - The Gold Book Imam Alhaji Obaba Muhammadu African Muslim Names: Images and Identities Sharifa M. Zawawi   Othello's Children in the "New World": Moorish History and Identity in the African American Experience Jose' V. Pimienta-Bey   Modern Black Nationalism: From Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan William L. Van Deburg   I don't claim to be-- Author: Isá Abd Allāh Muh̦ammad;ahmad al-Mahdi...;   Assata: An Autobiography (Lawrence Hill & Co.) Assata Shakur; Revolution by the Book: The Rap Is Live Jamil Al-Amin Inside the Nation of Islam: A Historical and Personal Testimony by a Black Muslim: An article from: The Journal of African American History Author: Oscar, Jr. Williams; Chronology of Nation of Islam history: Highlights of the honorable minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam from 1977-1996 Author: Toure Muhammad;   Elijah Muhammad and the Ideological Foundation of the Nation of Islam Author: Adib Rashad; Malcolm X: Visionary: El Haj Malik, El Shabazz, and the 21st Century Author: Haki R. Madhubuti;   Book of Divine Names Author: Muhammad Abdul Shabazz; Names from Africa and their meaning Author: Dawud Hakim;   Understanding self and society: An Islamic perspective Author: Dorothy Blake Fardan; Buy New: $13.95   Homosexuality 911: Whence came this perversion? Author: Alauddin Shabazz; Little X: Growing Up in the Nation of Islam Angell Judie Elijah Muhammad on African American Education: A Guide for African and Black Studies Programs (African American Educator Series, V. 1) Mwalimu I. Mwadilifu;Paperback; $9.95 Do you dare read-- why the white man is the devil!  Muhammad Shabazz Children of the Movement Author: John Blake;   The Evolution of the Nation of Islam Author: Jesus Muhammad-Ali; An Original Man Author: Claude Andrew Clegg; Islam and the Search for African American Nationhood Author: Dennis, Dr. Walker;   Dear Holy Apostle Author: Betty Muhammad;   The champion we have in common Author: Warith Deen Muhammad; Minister Louis Farrakhan, vintage 1970 Author: Louis Farrakhan;   The man and the woman in Islam Author: Warith Deen Muhammad; The legacy of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad Author: H. Khalif Khalifah;   Independent Black Leadership in America Author: Lenora Fulani; Muslims in America Author: Amir Nashid Ali Muhammad;   Dr. Na’im Akbar is a Black Psychologist and Afrocentric Scholar who shares his analyses on personal, national and world issues through his writings, lectures, seminars, radio interviews, television talk shows, and Internet chatrooms.  Dr. Akbar—scholar, author, business owner and lecturer—has been acclaimed by Essence Magazine as “one of the world’s preeminent psychologists and a pioneer in the development of an African-centered approach in modern psychology.”  His message is clear and simple, yet provocative and well grounded:  Black people in America have much greater inner power than they realize, but they must re-discover themselves in order to use it.  Dr. Akbar’s B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees are from The University of Michigan.  He is the autho of many books, including Know Thyself, Visions for Black Men, Breaking the Chains of Psychological Slavery, and Light from Ancient Africa.  He is currently on the faculty in psychology at Florida State University. Know Thy Self Naim Akbar   Visions for Black Men Naim Akbar Natural Psychology and Human Transformation Naim Akbar   Chains and Images of Psychological Slavery Na'Im Akbar Breaking the Chains of Psychological Slavery Na'Im Akbar   Light from Ancient Africa Naim Akbar The Community of Self Na'Im Akbar From Miseducation to Education Na'Im Akbar The name derives from the ancient Berber tribe of the Mauri and their kingdom, Mauritania, which became a Roman province after its last king Bocchus II willed it to Octavian in 33 BC. Mauritania lay in present day Morocco and Western Algeria. The name of Mauri was applied by the Romans to all non-Romanized natives of North Africa still ruled by their own chiefs, until the 3rd century AD. Some scholars propose that the characterization of the Islamic civilization in Iberia as "Moorish" is a misnomer which implies the predominance of Berber traits in the civilization, rather than Arab and Islamic ones. The Muslim conquest of Iberia was undertaken by Arab caliphates. The Arab Umayyad dynasty of Damascus was transplanted to Muslim Spain and was responsible for the incorporation of much of the culture and architecture from the old Umayyad capital. The soldiery of the first wave of invasions was derived predominantly from Berber peoples of North Africa. < The Golden Age of the Moor Ivan Van Sertima   The Story of the Moors in Spain Stanley Lane-Poole;